Incidence and Profiles of Antibiotic Resistance and Putative Genes of the Clostridium difficile Recovered From Fish

CLOSTRIDIUM difficile (C. difficile) is a toxigenic bacterium with emergence of antibiotic resistance accountable for incidence of food poisoning. The purpose of this survey was to examine the antibiotic resistance profile and incidence of toxigenic genes amid the C. difficilebacteriarecovered from dissimilarvarieties of fish samples.One-hundred and eighty-four fish samples were obtained and examined by culture technique. C. difficile isolates were confirmed another time using the polymerase chain reaction. PCR and disk diffusion techniques were applied for detection of putative genes and phenotypic profile of resistance. Eleven out of 184 (5.97%) fish samples harbored C. difficile. Common carp (17.50%) had the uppermostincidence of C. difficile, though Scomberomorus guttatus (2.50%) had the lowermost. There were no positive results for Scomberomorus commerson and barracuda fish samples. TcdA (45.45%) was the most generallyperceived toxigenic genes, thoughtcdC (18.18%) was the less frequently. There were no perceived cdtA and ctdB toxigenic genes. C. difficilebacteria displayed the uppermost incidence of resistance toward amoxicillin (63.60%), ampicillin (54.54%), moxifloxacin (54.54%) and piperacillin (54.54%). C. difficilebacteria displayed the uppermost incidence of susceptibility toward meropenem (90.90%%), vancomycin (90.90%) and metronidazole (72.72%).Common carp, rainbow trout and Scomberomorus guttatus may be reservoirs of C. difficilebacteria. Boostincidence of toxigenic and resistant C. difficile pose an imperative health threating issue rendering the consumption of raw fish samples.