Comprehensive Review of Modern Computing Paradigms Architectures for Intelligent Agriculture

Background and Objectives: With the increase in population in the world along with the decrease in natural resources, agricultural land, and the increase of unpredictable environmental conditions, causes concerns in the field of food supply, which is one of the serious concerns for all countries of the world. Therefore, the agricultural industry has moved towards smart agriculture. Smart agriculture uses the Internet of Things, which uses different types of sensors to collect data (such as temperature, humidity, light, etc.), a communication network to send and receive data, and information systems to manage and analyze data. Smart agriculture deals with a huge amount of data collected from farms, which has fundamental challenges for analysis using old systems such as lack of storage space, and processing delay. The Computational paradigm is a key solution to solve the problems of time delays, security, storage space management, and real-time analysis. Computing paradigms include cloud, fog, and edge computing, which by combining each of them in smart agriculture has caused a great transformation in this industry. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the architecture of computing paradigms in smart agriculture applications. Methods: To achieve the goals of this article, the methodology is divided into two parts: article selection and review of the selected articles. The computational paradigms used in the selected articles are from 2019 to 2022. Each selected paper is then reviewed in detail in terms of categories of computing paradigms, architectures, key points, advantages, and challenges. Results: Computational paradigms have significant advantages. Combining these paradigms in a complementary way covers many challenges. The architecture based on the combination of edge-fog-cloud computing is one of the best architectures combined with smart agriculture. Conclusion: By combining computing paradigms and smart agriculture, the challenges based on traditional and old systems are overcome. Combining these paradigms complement each other s challenges.