Effectiveness of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/Pre-B Cell Colony-enhancing Factor/ Visfatin in preventing High Glucose-induced Neurotoxicity in an In-vitro Model of Diabetic Neuropathy

Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy is a well-known complication of diabetes. Recently, hyperglycemia-induced toxicity has been confirmed to participates in multiple cellular pathways typical for neural deterioration. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase/pre-b cell colony-enhancing factor (Nampt/PBEF)/visfatin is a novel endogenous ligand that some studies have shown its neuroprotective effects on neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, we hypothesized that visfatin may prevent high glucose (HG)-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis, autophagy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) responses properly. Methods: In this study, pheochromocytoma cell line 12 (PC12) cells were exposed to both HG concentrations (50, 75, 100, 125, 150 mM) and visfatin (50, 100, 150 ng/mL) at different time -points to determine the optimum time and dose of glucose and visfatin. To investigate the effects of visfatin on HG-induced damage in the PC12 diabetic neuropathy model, we examined ROS response, apoptosis, and autophagy using ROS detection kit, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR/Western blot, respectively. Results: We determined that HG concentration significantly increased the ROS level and apoptosis of diabetic PC12 cells. However, visfatin treatment significantly decreased the ROS production (P 0.05) and apoptosis of diabetic PC12 cells (P 0.0001). Beclin-1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) level (P 0.05) and light chain 3 (Lc3)-II protein level (P 0.05) showed that the autophagy pathway is impaired by HG concentrations. Conclusion: We concluded that visfatin can sufficiently decrease neural damage caused by ROS production and apoptosis under HG-induced toxicity.