Targeted Nanoparticle Therapy with Betaine-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles Reduces Inflammation and Makes Immunomodulation in Heatstroke in Mice

Background Objectives: This study investigates the potential of betaine-conjugated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as a treatment for inflammation caused by heatstroke. Heatstroke is characterized by elevated body temperature and severe inflammation, which can lead to organ dysfunction. Traditional treatments, such as cooling and supportive care, often fail to prevent long-term damage. GNPs serve as targeted carriers for delivering bioactive agents like betaine to inflamed tissues. The study used a murine model of heatstroke to assess the effects of GNPs, betaine, and their combination on inflammation markers and cellular stress. Materials Methods: Mice were divided into groups receiving different treatments, and outcomes such as cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10), heat shock protein (HSP70) expression, and splenocyte proliferation were measured. Results: The results demonstrated that the combination of GNPs and betaine notably decreased the amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) while increasing the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The therapy also diminished HSP70 expression, which indicates lowered cellular stress in the GNP-betaine group. Additionally, treatment with GNP-betaine significantly promoted lymphocyte proliferation, indicating an enhancement in immune function under heatstroke conditions. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the promise of betaine-conjugated GNPs as an innovative therapeutic strategy for reducing inflammation and oxidative stress linked to heatstroke. The results illuminate the collaborative effects of nanotechnology and bioactive substances in addressing inflammatory pathways, presenting a hopeful avenue for managing heat-related inflammatory ailments.