Modeling and Assessing the Consequences of Oil Pipeline Leakage Using PHAST Software: A Case Study; Jarahi River in Southwest of Iran

Background: This study models the consequences of oil pipeline leakage using PHAST software, focusing on a segment crossing the Jarahi River in Southwest Iran. The goal is to understand potential environmental and safety impacts, establish safe zones for different leakage scenarios, and suggest strategies for risk mitigation. Methods: High-risk factors were identified through Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). Consequences of pipeline leakage were simulated in PHAST software under varied scenarios, considering factors such as gap size, seasonal weather conditions, and location. This approach enabled assessment of safe distances in case of fire, explosion, or release of toxic substances. Results: Leakage consequences varied by gap size and seasonal conditions. For example, a 200-mm pipeline gap produced maximum substance concentrations of 160,860 mg/L in summer and 166,695 mg/L in winter. Safe distance thresholds also differed; in winter, the safe distance was 275 m, while in summer it reached 520 m. Radiation and blast wave intensities were higher in winter due to environmental stability, indicating greater risks. Conclusion: PHAST software proves valuable in modeling pipeline leakages and determining safety perimeters. The findings highlight the need for ongoing risk management, especially in sensitive areas like the Jarahi River. Routine safety inspections and enhanced environmental safeguards are recommended to minimize potential hazards and protect surrounding ecosystem