Unveiling the pharmacological potential of Annona squamosa fruit: A network pharmacology approach

Annona squamosa, commonly known as sugar apple, custard apple, sharifa, or srikaya is a tropical fruit with significant medicinal value rooted in traditional medicine systems across regions like Indonesia. This study explores the pharmacological potential of Annona squamosa fruit through the lens of network pharmacology. The rich phytochemical composition of A. squamosa, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins, has long been recognized for its diverse therapeutic effects, including antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties. However, limited research has delved into the molecular mechanisms underlying these benefits. We employed network pharmacology approaches to systematically analyze the interactions between bioactive compounds in A. squamosa and their molecular targets, aiming to elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms and identify potential drug targets. This study identified 12 secondary metabolites in A. squamosa fruit and predicted 122 proteins that interact with these compounds. Network analysis revealed significant enrichment in biological processes associated with central nervous system disorders and diabetes, suggesting potential applications in these areas. Furthermore, gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis highlighted the involvement of key hub genes, such as GRM5 and GRIA2, in neurological disorders and diabetes. These findings provide valuable insights into the pharmacological properties of A. squamosa and underscore its potential as a natural remedy. Further experimental validation and clinical studies are warranted to harness the therapeutic benefits of Annona squamosa fruit in disease management.