Salivary biomarkers and oral candida spp. in type II diabetic patients: A comparative analysis

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between salivary biomarkers—such as salivary trace elements, salivary glucose, volatile sulphur compounds, salivary Adiponectin, leptin, and glycated haemoglobin—and the CFU/mL of salivary Candida spp. in Type II diabetic patients compared to healthy individuals. Ninety subjects were included in two groups of 45 each. The study included two groups of subjects, each consisting of 45 individuals. Group 1 comprised patients with Type II diabetes aged 40 to 60 years, while Group 2 consisted of healthy control subjects, also aged 40 to 60 years, matched for gender and age. The study included oral examination to evaluate burning sensation, candidiasis, and decreased salivary secretion. Salivary flow rate (mL/min) was measured in unstimulated saliva samples. Colorimetric and ELISA tests were used to determine salivary trace elements and adipocytokine levels. The colony count of Candida spp. (CFU/mL) was determined by enrichment and culture methods and volatile sulfur compounds in breath were quantified using ShowNovoWG1 halimeter. Salivary glucose oxidase test was performed by colorimetric test method and trace elements were determined by colorimetric test method. The colony count of Candida spp. increased significantly in the diabetic group due to increased salivary glucose levels (p 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences in body mass index (BMI), burning mouth syndrome (BMS), salivary flow rate (SFR), adiponectin, leptin, salivary cobalt, and iron in the flora between the diabetic and healthy groups (p 0.05).The information collected in this study can help develop a preventive program for oral fungal infections in patients with type 2 diabetes by studying saliva and its components.