Decision trees using apparent resistance to detect impending loss of synchronism

This paper shows how to use decision trees for predicting loss of synchronism on an AC intertie using apparent resistance along with its rate of change measured near the electrical center of the intertie. Operation is response based like most controlled separation schemes including the actual - relay which was installed on the Pacific AC Intertie (PACI). Response based control by a decision tree (DT) is achieved by turning every time sample from every simulation into an input–output pair for the DT training set. Different misclassification costs are specified for false trips versus failures to trip in order to adjust their relative frequencies of occurrence. Pattern recognition approaches to discrete event control can potentially be trained and tested for this and for other applications in large-scale simulation.