Immobilization of Streptomyces clavuligerus on loofah sponge for the production of clavulanic acid

Clavulanic acid, a naturally occurring powerful inhibitor of bacterial β-lactamases, is produced by Streptomyces clavuligerus. The high void volume, permeability, and low cost of fibrous matrices prompted the use of Luffa cylindrica as a matrix for the immobilization of S. clavuligerus for the production of clavulanic acid. Immobilization of S. clavuligerus onto loofah sponge discs was studied with respect to the optimization of the inoculum size (number of discs) and its reusability for clavulanic acid production. Best yield of 1125 μg ml−1 clavulanic acid was reached with two discs of loofah sponge (each approximately 0.136 g dry weight) and 120 h duration in the first cycle. Data obtained during four reusable cycles showed reduction in the initiation time of clavulanic acid production, resulting in higher levels of clavulanic acid in shorter time duration. Immobilization of S. clavuligerus on to loofah sponge discs, therefore, permit repeated reuse under the specified fermentation conditions for clavulanic acid production.