Active control of FGM shells subjected to a temperature gradient via piezoelectric sensor/actuator patches

A generic static and dynamic nite element formulation is derived for the modelling and control of piezoelectric shell laminates under coupled displacement, temperature and electric potential elds. The base shell is of functionally graded material (FGM) type, which consists of combined ceramic–metal materials with di erent mixing ratios of the ceramic and metal constituents. A multi-input–multi-output (MIMO) system is applied to provide active feedback control of the laminated shell using self-monitoring sensors and self-controlling actuators through a close loop. Numerical studies clearly show the in uence of the positional con gurations of sensor=actuator pairs on the e ectiveness of static and dynamic control for the shell laminates. The e ects of the constituent volume fractions on the static and dynamic responses of the shell laminate are also elucidated