Improved multi-level Newton solvers for fully coupled multi-physics problems

An algorithm is suggested to improve the e ciency of the multi-level Newton method that is used to solve multi-physics problems. It accounts for full coupling between the subsystems by using the direct di erentiation method rather than error prone nite di erence calculations and retains the advantage of greater exibility over the tightly coupled approaches. Performance of the algorithm is demonstrated by solving a uid–structure interaction problem