Optimistic, defensive-pessimistic, impulsive and self-handicapping strategies in university environments

A person-oriented approach was used to investigate what types of achievement strategy people apply in university environments, and how these are associated with their academic achievement, related satisfaction and personal well-being. Two hundred and fifty-four undergraduates filled in first the Cartoon-Attribution-Strategy Test, the Strategy and Attribution Questionnaire, Rosenbergʹs Self-Esteem Scale and the revised Beckʹs Depression Inventory at the beginning of their studies, and one year later an academic satisfaction scale. Two years later, they again filled in the same measures. Their academic achievement was coded yearly from university archives. Four types of achievement strategy were identified: optimistic, defensive-pessimistic, impulsive and self-handicapping. An optimistic strategy was associated with academic satisfaction and well-being, whereas defensive pessimism was related to academic achievement. In turn, a self-handicapping strategy was associated with academic dissatisfaction and low well-being. Academic achievement and satisfaction were also found to predict changes in the use of defensive-pessimistic and selfhandicapping strategies.