Does trade liberalization increase national energy use?

This paper utilises the theoretical principles of Antweiler et al. [Antweiler, W. B.R. Copeland and M.S. Taylor (2001) Is Free Trade Good for the Environment? American Economic Review, 91, 4, pp. 877–908.] to estimate empirically the linkages between trade liberalization and energy use. Focusing on scale, technique and composition effects, results suggest that trade will increase energy use for the mean country in the sample.