Low operational temperature Li–CFx batteries using cathodes containing sub-fluorinated graphitic materials

Commercial lithium/polycarbon monofluoride batteries [Li–(CF)n] are typically current-limited and are therefore not implemented in high-rate or low-temperature applications. Recent results suggest, however, that CF-based cathodes that use sub-fluorinated CFx (SFCFx) active materials in a thin electrode form factor are able to support very high currents (up to 5 C) while still providing a significant fraction of their specific capacity. In this work, the low temperature efficacy of these materials is examined in a −40 °C environment. CF0.54 and CF0.65 powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. These materials were then implemented in a spray-deposited electrode using a 1-mil (25 μm) aluminum foil current collector and PVDF as a binder. Electrochemical tests showed that these materials were able to deliver specific capacity values up to five times greater than commercial CF1.08 powder inserted into identically fabricated test cells tested at −40 °C. Testing also indicated that a room-temperature pre-discharge step was necessary to condition the electrode materials before exposure to the low-temperature test environment.