A displacement-based reference frame formulation for steady-state thermo-elasto-plastic material processe

A reference frame formulation for steady state thermo!elasto!plastic processes is presented[ The dis! placement and history dependent response _elds appear as the primary variables in this mixed formulation[ Unlike displacement based Lagrangian formulations\ our formulation does not require a transient analysis to simulate a steady state process and yields results that are free of numerical oscillations and which require considerably less computational e}ort[ And unlike velocity based Eulerian methods\ our formulation does not require free surface corrections or streamline integration algorithms[ A laser surface treatment process is simulated and our results are in agreement with those obtained from a computationally intensive transient Lagrangian analysis[