Guiding systems for computer-assisted surgery: introducing synergistic devices and discussing the different approaches

Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) or computer-assisted therapy (CAT) attempt primarily to optimize the performance of medical tasks. CAS systems include a guiding system to connect the information world of data and plans to the physical world of surgeons, patients and instruments, and to supplement the surgeonʹs perception and dexterity. Passive, semi-active and active systems have been proposed and implemented in various clinical applications. In this paper we introduce synergistic devices which are an extension of semi-active systems. We also discuss the advantages of the different categories of guiding systems on the basis of a list of task-oriented and user-oriented qualitative factors.