Middle-ear dynamics before and after ossicular replacement

The mechanism of hearing involves conduction of mechanical vibrations along the ossicular chain to the inner ear. An acoustic wave is collected and transformed as it passes down the ear canal and impacts on the tympanic membrane (ear drum). The drum is connected to the inner-ear by three ossicle bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) in a complex arrangement, which serves to further transform the mechanical vibration before it reaches the cochlea of the inner ear. What is the mechanical function of the ossicular chain, and what are the biomechanical consequences of surgical reconstruction with prostheses? To answer these questions, a three-dimensional finite element model of the outer ear canal and middle ear was generated. The dynamical behaviour was predicted for the normal ear, and an ear reconstructed with partial and total ossicular replacement prostheses. For the normal ear, stapes amplitudes of 1×10−8 m at low frequencies decrease to 4×10−10 m at approximately 3 kHz with several resonance peeks in between, most significantly at approximately 1 kHz. Thereafter a further resonance is predicted at 4 kHz associated with the ear canal. The behaviour is changed fundamentally by adding a prosthesis; the partial replacement increases the vibratory coupling of the drum and the stapes compared to the normal ear whereas the total replacement does the opposite, and is predicted to have the disadvantage of bringing several new resonances of the ossicular chain into the hearing range. It is hypothesised that the function of the malleus–incus–stapes arrangement is to link the drum to the oval window with the flexibility required for impedance matching but the rigidity to prevent unconstrainable resonances from occurring in the hearing range. If this is true, then the structural stiffness of ossicular chain is the critical design variable for middle-ear replacement prostheses.