Indentation of an osteochondral repair: sensitivity to experimental variables and boundary conditions

The sensitivity of the affects of indenter radius, defect depth, cartilage permeability and flow boundary conditions, on the indentation testing of a repairing osteochondral defect was investigated. Since the boundary condition on the flow across the cartilage repair-subchondral bone interface is not known, the effects of two different conditions were investigated: free-flow and no-flow. A poroelastic finite element model of an osteochondral defect at different stages of the repair process was developed using dimensions typical of the rabbit knee. Results showed when the radius of the indenter was much less than the thickness of the cartilage the sensitivity of the indentation displacement to flow boundary conditions decreased. Simulated indentation displacement was insensitive to bone regeneration up to 50% of the initial defect depth, which suggests that only the properties of the material in the upper-half of the defect are being evaluated. Small variations in permeability had little affect on the simulated indentation. In a fully repaired defect, the simulated indentation is independent of the boundary condition. However, while the defect is in the process of repair and the regenerated cartilage is deeper than the host, indentation is sensitive to the flow boundary condition. Based on these results, and feasible experimental conditions, we conclude that the boundary condition on the repair–subchondral bone interface must be known in all cases except when the defect approaches full repair, if accurate estimates of material properties are to be obtained from indentation.