The role of passive structures in force enhancement of skeletal muscles following active stretch

We recently found that force enhancement following active stretch in skeletal muscles is accompanied by an increase in passive force following deactivation (J. Exp. Biol. 205 (2002) 1275). However, it is not known if this increase in passive force contributes to the force enhancement observed in the active muscle, and if it is observed at all muscle lengths. The purposes of this study were to quantify the amount of passive force increase as a function of muscle lengths, and to determine if this passive force contributes to the force enhancement observed in the active muscle. Experiments were performed on cat soleus (n=24) using techniques published previously (J. Biomech. 30(9) (1997) 865). Conceptually, tests involved comparisons of force enhancement and passive force increase for a variety of stretch tests in soleus. Furthermore, in one test, activation of the soleus was interrupted for 1 s in the force-enhanced state, and soleus was then re-activated. We found that total force enhancement and passive force increase were positively correlated for all test conditions, that passive force increase following stretch of the active soleus only occurred at muscle lengths corresponding to the descending limb of the force–length relationship, that increases in passive force for a given stretch magnitude became greater at long muscle lengths, and that upon reactivation, there was a remnant passive force enhancement. We conclude from these results that the passive force enhancement following stretch of an active muscle contributes to the total force enhancement, that this passive contribution increases with increasing muscle length, and that there must be at least one other factor than passive force increase that contributes to the total force enhancement, as the passive force increase was always smaller than the total force enhancement. A by-product of this investigation was that we observed a shift in the passive force–length relationship that was dependent on muscle activation, stretch magnitude and muscle length. Therefore, the passive force–length relationship is not a constant property of skeletal muscle, but depends critically on the muscleʹs contractile history.