Three-dimensional modeling of anchorage subject to shear loads

The Guideline for European Technical Agreement 1 on anchor bolts was accepted by the European Commission in Oct. 1997. For the last 20 years, much work has been carried out on anchors in concrete. Many research studies have been undertaken at European universi-ties, especially at IWB in Stuttgart (Germany), CSTB in France, the University of Texas at Austin, the University of Florida, and in Japan. In addition, a great many tests have been performed on the basis of these guidelines, especially in Germany and France (CSTB), with a view to delivering national approvals. Specific research has also been undertaken to recommend consistent procedures for pre-dicting nominal capacities of different types of anchorage and under different solicitations.2-4 The studies were based on statistical analysis,5 elastic and plastic design approaches,6-8 and numerical calculations.9-12 These tests and associated studies have resulted in the validation of guide methods and models based on thousands of anchors in different types of fixing systems, in different concrete mixtures, and in many configurations.