Evaluation of the effect of oral verapamil on clinical outcome and angiographic restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention: The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter verapamil slow-release for prevention of cardiovascular even

Objectives We investigated the effect of oral verapamil on clinical outcome and angiographic restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background Thus far, there is no established systemic pharmacologic approach for the prevention of restenosis after PCIs. Five small studies reported encouraging results for calcium channel blockers. Methods Our randomized double-blind trial included 700 consecutive patients with successful PCI of a native coronary artery. Patients received the calcium channel blocker verapamil, 240 mg twice daily for six months, or placebo. Primary clinical end point was the composite rate of death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization (TVR) during one-year follow-up; the angiographic end point was late lumen loss at the six-month follow-up angiography. Results We obtained complete clinical follow-up in 95% of the patients, and scheduled angiography was performed in 94%. The proportion of patients treated with stents was 83%. The primary clinical end point was reached in 67 (19.3%) patients on verapamil and in 103 (29.3%) patients on placebo (relative risk [RR] 0.66 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48 to 0.89]; p = 0.002). This difference between the groups was driven by TVR (17.5% with verapamil vs. 26.2% with placebo; RR 0.67 [95% CI 0.49 to 0.93]; p = 0.006). Late lumen loss was 0.74 ± 0.70 mm with verapamil and 0.81 ± 0.75 mm with placebo (p = 0.11). Compared with placebo, verapamil reduced the rate of restenosis ≥75% (7.8% vs. 13.7%; RR 0.57 [95% CI 0.35 to 0.92]; p = 0.014). Conclusions Verapamil compared with placebo improves long-term clinical outcome after PCI of native coronary arteries by reducing the need for TVR. This was caused by a reduction in the rate of high-grade restenosis.