Acquired blepharoptosis

A review is given of the aetiology and possible treatment of acquired (non-congenital) blepharoptosis, which is a common but not specific sign of neurological disease. The diagnostic categories of upper eyelid drooping are scheduled as (a) pseudo-ptosis due to a local process or overactivity of eye closure, including blepharospasm, and (b) true ptosis due to a paresis of the eyelid levators (m. tarsalis superior or m. levator palpabrae) or to a disinsertion of the m. levator palpebrae (aponeurotic ptosis0. A paresis of the m. tarsalis is due to a lesion in the central, intermediate or peripheral neuron of the sympathetic chain and constitutes one of the components of Hornerʹs syndrome. A paresis of the m. levator palpebrae may be due to a failure in central innervation, in oculomotor (n.III) function, in neuromuscular transmission or to a lesion in the muscle itself.