The gray platelet syndrome: Clinical spectrum of the disease

The gray platelet syndrome (GPS) is a rare inherited disorder of the megakaryocyte (MK) lineage. Thrombocytopenia and enlarged platelets are associated with a specific absence of α-granules and their contents. GPS patients exhibit much heterogeneity both in bleeding severity and in their response to platelet function testing. A unique feature is that proteins endogenously synthesised by megakaryocytes (MK) or endocytosed by MK or platelets fail to enter into the secretable storage pools that characterise α-granules of normal platelets. Although the molecular basis of the disease is unknown, evidence suggests that α-granules simply fail to mature during MK differentiation. One result is a continued leakage of growth factors and cytokines into the marrow causing myelofibrosis. While for some patients platelet function may be only moderately affected, for others thrombin and/or collagen-induced platelet aggregation is markedly modified and an acquired lack of the GPVI collagen receptor has been reported. In this review, we document the clinical and molecular heterogeneity in GPS, a unique disease of the biogenesis of platelet α-granules and of the storage of growth factors and secretable proteins.