The cell as the smallest DNA-based molecular computer

The pioneering work of Adleman (1994) demonstrated that DNA molecules in test tubes can be manipulated to perform a certain type of mathematical computation. This has stimulated a theoretical interest in the possibility of constructing DNA-based molecular computers. To gauge the practicality of realizing such microscopic computers, it was thought necessary to learn as much as possible from the biology of the living cell-presently the only known DNAbased molecular computer in existence. Here the recently developed theoretical model of the living cell (the Bhopalator) and its associated theories (e.g. cell language), principles, laws and concepts (e.g. conformons, IDSʹs) are briefly reviewed and summarized in the form of a set of five laws of `molecular semioticsʹ (synonyms include `microsemioticsʹ, `cellular semioticsʹ, or `cytosemioticsʹ)-the study of signs mediating measurement, computation, and communication on the cellular and molecular levels. Hopefully, these laws will find practical applications in designing DNA-based computing systems.