Reactive oxygen species generation at the plasma membrane for antibody control

Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the plasma membrane can be a vehicle for oxidative unmasking or masking of auto antibodies in a tissue selective and controlled way. There are seven related NADPH oxidases (NOX 1–5, DuoNOX 1,2) which can be activated in various ways to produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide at the plasma membrane. There is also a plasma membrane NADH oxidase which is under different control. ROS can also be produced by mitochondria or cytosolic oxidases under special conditions. The ROS generation provides oxidant for thiol oxidation or peroxynitrite formation which can be a basis for antibody modification. The specific controls of the oxidases in different tissues allow a basis for localized autoantibody modification in response to stress or environment.