Using anabolic-androgenic steroids to enhance physique and performance: Effects on moods and behavior

Concern has been raised that persons using anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) to enhance physique and performance may experience negative psychological effects. This review generates and evaluates theory-based hypotheses regarding AAS-mood and behavior associations at consumption and withdrawal. Emphasis is placed on moods and behaviors typically believed to change during these times (e.g., mood lability, irritability, euphoria, libido, aggression, self-esteem). Although some data suggest that affect and behavior differ while using and withdrawing from AASs, the nature of the relationships is unclear. Nondrug factors that may play a role in the moods and behaviors linked to AASs are identified and suggestions for future research are offered.