Dependence on the electric power of the immersion-angle dependence of the resonant-frequency shift of a quartz crystal microbalance in a liquid

We have investigated the immersion-angle dependence of the series resonant-frequency shift, (delta)F, of the quartz crystal microbalance, QCM, in a Newtonian liquid from the point of view of the supplied electric power level. In the low electric power levels, the immersion-angle dependence and the transition phenomenon of the (delta)F are observed. However, when the higher electric power levels are supplied to the QCM, the region of the transition phenomenon of the (delta)F decreases rapidly with an increase in the electric power level and disappears above 1.5 dBm. That is, above 1.5 dBm, the (delta)F values have only the values of 90° immersion angle in all immersion angles. We suggest that the electric power is very important factor for the (delta)F in a liquid.