Spasms in clusters in epilepsies other than typical West syndrome

Although spasms in clusters are one of the major characteristics of West syndrome (WS), there are a significant number of patients who show spasms in clusters but do not fit the standard pattern of WS. It is possible to divide these atypical cases into the following three groups. Group 1: refractory epilepsies beginning in early infancy, associated with atypical electroencephalographic (EEG) features; Group 2: generalized epilepsies with spasms in clusters at ages of 2–3 years or above; and Group 3: localization-related epilepsies with spasms in clusters. Ictal clinical and EEG findings of spasms in clusters in these atypical patients and also those in WS are similar. Patients in Group 1 often suffer from Aicardi syndrome, cortical malformations, early myoclonic encephalopathy and Ohtahara syndrome. Most patients in Group 2 suffer from Lennox–Gastaut syndrome and other generalized epilepsies such as severe epilepsy with multiple independent spike foci. A significant number of them had a history of WS. Small number of patients in Group 2 can be diagnosed as having late-onset WS or long-lasting WS. In Groups 1 and 3 patients, cortical mechanisms play a critical role in their pathophysiology. The presence of older patients with spasms in clusters might indicate not only developing process of the brain but also some selective dysfunction of the brain plays an important role in the occurrence of spasms in clusters. Investigations on these atypical patients can help the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of WS and its related epileptic syndromes