Effects of event probability and sequence on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity, reading, and math disorder

Background We investigated the impact of stimulus probability and sequence on performance and event-related potentials of 310 children classified into 12 combinations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Not–attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Inattentive and Combined subtypes) with presence/absence of reading disorder and math disorder. Methods Subjects pressed buttons to displays of the letters O and X, which were presented with probabilities of either .17/.83 or .50/.50. Greater response selection was required in the .17/.83 condition. Results Stimulus probability had comparable effects on all diagnostic groups. The extent of mismatch between a stimulus and preceding events elicited less systematic increases in errors, P3b latency, and P3b amplitude among both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes than controls. Mismatch with preceding trials more greatly reduced math disorder and reading disorder + math disorder children’s speed in the Rare task and accuracy in both conditions. Math disorder and reading disorder + math disorder subjects also registered less the effects of alternations of the infrequent O on N2 amplitude and on P3b latency. Conclusions Math disorder and reading disorder + math disorder youngsters’ lower sensitivity to sequence irregularity in their event-related potentials along with greater disruption of performance suggest working memory deficits that adversely affected response selection. Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading disorder did not affect the results.