Cortical Plasticity in Alzheimer’s Disease in Humans and Rodents

Background The aim of this study was to determine whether neocortical long-term potentiation (LTP) is deficient in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) mice, an AD animal model. We then ascertained whether this deficit might be paralleled by functional abnormalities of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR) glutamate receptors. Methods We studied neocortical LTP-like plasticity in 10 patients with mild-to-moderate AD and 10 age-matched normal controls using paired associative stimulation (PAS). We assessed neocortical (medial prefrontal cortex and primary motor cortex) and hippocampal LTP in brain slices of symptomatic APP/PS1 mice. NMDAR composition and signaling as well as synaptic calcium influx were determined in motor, prefrontal and hippocampal cortices of APP/PS1 mice. Results Both AD patients and transgenic animals showed a deficit in NMDAR-dependent forms of neocortical plasticity. Biochemical analysis showed impaired NMDAR function in symptomatic APP/PS1 mice. Conclusions Neocortical plasticity is impaired in both patients with AD and APP/PS1 mice. The results of our biochemical studies point to impaired NMDAR function as the most likely cause for the neocortical plasticity deficit in AD.