Biological effects of blue light from dental curing units

Objectives. This study assessed the effects of three common dental photocuring light sources (quartz–tungsten–halogen (QTH), plasma-arc (PAC), and laser) on the cellular function of fibroblasts in vitro. Methods. Mouse fibroblasts were exposed to light from dental photocuring units for clinically relevant durations, with total energy exposures ranging from 1.3 to 60 J/cm2. The temperature rise of the cell-culture medium was measured to assess any possible effect from temperature increases, and cellular function was assessed by succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of mitochondria. To directly compare the three light sources, additional experiments were done using equivalent total energy exposures from each source by adjusting the exposure durations for each unit. Results. In experiments that used clinically relevant exposure durations for each light, exposures ranging from 5 J/cm2 (laser) to 15 J/cm2 (PAC, QTH) irreversibly suppressed SDH activity nearly 100% when compared to no-light controls up to 72 h post-exposure. For the PAC and QTH sources, exposures as low as 3.5 J/cm2 also irreversibly suppressed SDH activity. When equivalent energies were used from each light source, exposures of 1 J/cm2 did not suppress SDH activity for the QTH and laser sources, but significantly (50%) suppressed SDH for the PAC source, indicating a difference in the biological effects of the outputs of the different curing units. Equivalent energy exposure experiments also indicated a definite dependence of SDH activity on the total light energy of exposure. Temperature rises ranged from 2 to 9 °C, and elevated temperatures lasted for 60–300 s above the base temperature of 37 °C, but peak temperature and the duration of temperature elevation were not always related and depended on the light source used. Significance. Results from the current study indicate that these photocuring sources pose some risk of disrupting cellular function in vivo. Further study is necessary in other cell types and under more clinically relevant conditions to estimate the in vivo risk of photocuring to oral tissues.