Benzo[a]pyrene and its metabolites combined with ultraviolet A synergistically induce 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine via reactive oxygen species

We previously reported that benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and UVA radiation synergistically induced oxidative DNA damage via 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) formation in vitro. The present study shows that microsomal BaP metabolites and UVA radiation potently enhance 8-OHdG formation in calf thymus DNA about 3-fold over the parent compound BaP. Utilization of various reactive oxygen species scavengers revealed that singlet oxygen and superoxide radical anion were involved in the 8-OHdG formation induced by microsomal BaP metabolites and UVA. Two specific BaP metabolites, benzo[a]pyrene-r-7,t-8-dihydrodiol-t-9,10-epoxide (+/−) (anti) (BPDE) and BaP-7,8-dione, were further tested for synergism with UVA. BaP-7,8-dione showed an effect on 8-OHdG formation induced by UVA radiation that was similar to that of the parent BaP, whereas BPDE exhibited significantly higher induction of 8-OHdG than BaP. At as low as 0.5 μM, BPDE plus UVA radiation substantially increased 8-OHdG levels about 25-fold over the parent BaP. BPDE increased the formation of 8-OHdG levels in both BPDE concentration- and UVA dose-dependent manners. Additionally, singlet oxygen was found to play a major role in 8-OHdG induction by BPDE and UVA. These results suggest that BaP metabolites such as BPDE synergize with UVA radiation to produce ROS, which in turn induce DNA damage.