Pentoxifylline Inhibits PDGF-induced Proliferation of and TGF-β-stimulated Collagen Synthesis by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

There is growing evidence that pentoxifylline (PTX) may have potential value as an antiproliferative and antifibrogenic agent. To assess whether this drug may be of use in the prevention of atherosclerosis or restenosis after angioplasty, we investigated the ability of PTX to inhibit proliferation and collagen synthesis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) under both basal and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)- or transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)-stimulated conditions. Intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels were measured in confluent cells using enzyme immunoassay kits. Cell proliferation was measured by methyltetrazolium assay. Cell cycle distribution was determined by flow cytometry. Total collagen synthesis was measured by3H-proline incorporation assay. Expression of collagenα1(I) and collagenα1(III) mRNAs was detected by northern blotting. Addition of PTX to VSMC cultures suppressed both basal and PDGF-AB (25 ng/ml)-driven cell proliferation, in conjunction with a cell cycle blockade at the G1/S phase at 24 h. This effect was predominantly cAMP-dependent, as PTX increased cAMP in a dose-dependent manner (0.03 to 0.33 mg/ml) but not cGMP level, and the addition of dibutyryl-cAMP (0.2 to 2 m ) closely mimicked the effect of PTX. Furthermore, co-incubation with a selective inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), H-89 (2.0μ ), or anN-myristoylated PKA pseudosubstrate nonapeptide, m-φPKA (10μ ), prevented the antimitogenic effect of PTX. PTX also suppressed both basal and TGF-β1-augmented collagenα1(I) and collagenα1(III) mRNA levels beginning at 24 h, and attenuated both basal and TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml)-stimulated total collagen synthesis at 48 h. Co-incubation with H-89 or m-φPKA reversed PTX-attenuated collagenα1(I) and collagenα1(III) mRNA levels at 24 h. These data suggest that the antimotigenic and anticollagen effects of PTX were mediated predominantly through a cAMP-PKA effector pathway. The dual effect of PTX on VSMC proliferation and collagen synthesis may form the rationale for animal or clinical trials for the treatment of vascular occlusion due to atherosclerosis and restenosis following angioplasty.