Time trends in the use of β-blockers and other pharmacotherapies in older adults with congestive heart failure

Background Evidence supporting pharmacotherapy of congestive heart failure (CHF) has grown substantially over the past decade and includes large, placebo-controlled trials with mortality end points. We describe β-blocker and other medication temporal treatment trends of CHF in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a community-based cohort study of 5888 adults ≥65 years of age. Methods Prescription medication data were collected from hospital discharge summaries for incident CHF events and at in-study annual clinic visits for prevalent CHF cases from 1989 to 2000. Change in use of agents over time was estimated by using generalized estimating equations while adjusting for potential confounding factors of age, sex, race, and cardiovascular and pulmonary comorbidities. Results Among 1033 incident CHF events, β-blocker use after diagnosis increased an average of 2.4 percentage points annually (95% CI, 1.5 to 3.4 points) from 1989 to 2000. The increasing trend was consistent throughout follow-up. Among participants with coronary disease and/or hypertension and among those with low ejection fractions (<45%), β-blocker use remained flat from 1989 to 1994 and increased 4.7 points annually (2.5 to 6.9) and 10.0 points annually (6.1 to 13.8), respectively, from 1995 to 2000. Among participants without coronary disease or hypertension, there was no overall increase in use. Use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors increased 2.3 points annually (1.0 to 3.5), digoxin use decreased 2.4 points annually (−3.6 to −1.1), and loop diuretic use remained flat between 1989 and 2000. In general, treatment trends were similar for prevalent CHF. Conclusions Treatment of CHF has changed gradually in the 1990s and may in part reflect the influence of CHF clinical trial evidence.