Evaluation of several techniques to modify denatured muscle tissue to obtain a scaffold for peripheral nerve regeneration

The aim of this study was to (1) evaluate the effect of several preparation techniques of denatured muscle tissue to obtain an open three-dimensional structure, and (2) test if this scaffold is suitable for peripheral nerve regeneration. Four samples (A–D) of muscle tissue specimens were evaluated using light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and cryo-scanning electron microscopy. Sample C showed the most open extracellular matrix, whilst collagen type IV and laminin (in the basal lamina) could still be observed using immunohistochemistry. An in vivo pilot study showed that the first signs of functional nerve recovery and axon regeneration could be observed after 3 weeks of implantation. We conclude that sample C has the most open structure and leads to good nerve regeneration and functional nerve recovery.