Effect of porosity on the osteointegration and bone ingrowth of a weight-bearing nickel–titanium bone graft substitute

Porous nickel–titanium (NiTi) alloy is a promising new material for a bone graft substitute with good strength properties and an elastic modulus closer to that of bone than any other metallic material. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of porosity on the osteointegration of NiTi implants in rat bone. The porosities (average void volume) and the mean pore size (MPS) were 66.1% and 259±30 μm (group 1, n=14), 59.2% and 272±17 μm (group 2, n=4) and 46.6% and 505±136 μm (group 3, n=15), respectively. The implants were implanted in the distal femoral metaphysis of the rats for 30 weeks. The proportional bone–implant contact was best in group 1 (51%) without a significant difference compared to group 3 (39%). Group 2 had lower contact values (29%) than group 1 (p=0.038). Fibrotic tissue within the porous implant was found more often in group 1 than in group 3 (p=0.021), in which 12 samples out of 15 showed no signs of fibrosis. In conclusion, porosity of 66.1% (MPS 259±30 μm) showed best bone contact (51%) of the porosities tested here. However, the porosity of 46.6% (MPS 505±136 μm) with bone contact of 39% was not significantly inferior in this respect and showed lower incidence of fibrosis within the porous implant.