The effect of anisotropic architecture on cell and tissue infiltration into tissue engineering scaffolds

A common phenomenon in tissue engineering is rapid tissue formation on the outer edge of the scaffold which restricts cell penetration and nutrient exchange to the scaffold centre, resulting in a necrotic core. To address this problem, we generated scaffolds with both random and anisotropic open porous architectures to enhance cell and subsequent tissue infiltration throughout the scaffold for applications in bone and cartilage engineering. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PdlLA) scaffolds with random open porosity were manufactured, using modified slip-casting and by supercritical fluid processing respectively, and subsequently characterised. An array of porous aligned channels (400 μm) was incorporated into both scaffold types and cell (human osteoblast sarcoma, for HA scaffolds; ovine meniscal fibrochondrocytes, for PdlLA scaffolds) and tissue infiltration into these modified scaffolds was assessed in vitro (cell penetration) and in vivo (tissue infiltration; HA scaffolds only). Scaffolds were shown to have an extensive random, open porous structure with an average porosity of 85%. Enhanced cell and tissue penetration was observed both in vitro and in vivo demonstrating that scaffold design alone can influence cell and tissue infiltration into the centre of tissue engineering scaffolds.