Long-term cultures of human fetal liver cells: a three-dimensional experimental model for monitoring liver tissue development

Background/Aims: The present study describes an embryonic-fetal liver culture system which allows morphogenetic interactions consistent with the development of the hepatocellular function. Methods: Intact livers from 8–12-weeks embryos were soaked in an extracellular matrix at 4°C and gently dissociated without any enzymatic treatment. The resulting spherical hepatic units were cultured in a chemically defined serum-free medium and seeded into an extracellular matrix layer. Adherent three-dimensional tissue specimens were examined at various times by light and electron microscopy to evaluate the maintenance of hepatocyte morphology. Results: The liver cells were viable for over 4 months; erythropoietic burst colonies were detected for longer than 6 weeks. Parallel detection of bile salt production in the medium by high performance liquid chromatography proved liver tissue functionality. Bile salt composition revealed predominance of taurine-conjugates rather than glycine. Maximum bile salt concentration (≈3 months) coincided with structural and ultrastructural observations indicating a marked decline in hematopoiesis, well-defined biliary canaliculi and formation of an organ-like structure. Conclusions: This three-dimensional culture system recapitulates fetal liver development with: (i) initial proliferation of both fetal erythropoietic and hepatic cells and (ii) subsequent shut-off of erythropoiesis and a shift to a more advanced stage of hepatocyte function, such as bile salt secretion.