Metals in the Sediments and Mussels of the Chupa Estuary (White Sea) Russia

Two campaigns, comprising the measurements of temperature, salinity, currents and sea level, were performed in the Zadar and Pa man Channels during summer 1994. Basic dynamics, including tidal, wind-driven and residual circulation, are briefly considered here, but the paper concentrates on the surface seiche and internal Kelvin wave analyses and modelling. Surface seiches are found to be excited by strong meteorological disturbances in the late summer of 1994, with a period of approximately 2·2 h and a sea-level and current amplitude of approximately 10 cm and 9 cm s-1, respectively. Internal Kelvin waves, having a period of approximately 4 days and maximum surface currents of approximately 8 cm s-1, appeared during July 1994. The energy loss at the head of the basin, occurring due to the basin bathymetry, is analytically modelled by imposing the radiation condition there, both for the surface seiches and internal Kelvin waves, while the nodal line is enforced at the basin mouth. The modelled periods of surface seiches and internal Kelvin waves are 2·1 h and 94 h, respectively. The currents and sea levels agree fairly well with the observed values. Furthermore, the Defant numerical procedure, which allows for a variable basin bathymetry, gives slightly lower periods (1·9 h for the surface seiches and 91 h for the internal Kelvin waves) and moves the maximum current amplitudes towards the head of the basin in agreement with the observations.