Gender differences in wall shear–mediated brachial artery vasoconstriction and vasodilation

OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate wall shear rate (WSR) and brachial artery diameter (BAD) changes simultaneously and to determine whether any gender differences exist in arterial reactivity. BACKGROUND Wall shear rate/stress and arterial reactivity are rarely assessed at the same time. Furthermore, flow-mediated vasoconstriction has received less attention than flow-mediated vasodilation in humans. METHODS A new noninvasive evaluation of WSR in the brachial artery, using multigated, pulsed Doppler velocimeter and a double-transducer probe moved and fixed by a robotic system, was developed. RESULTS The validity of the system was tested in vitro with calibrated tubes and showed a high correlation (r = 0.98, p < 0.001). In 10 men and 10 women of similar age, induction of low and high shear rates by forearm occlusion produced significant vasoconstriction and vasodilation, respectively. The time lag for maximal BAD changes was 3 min for vasoconstriction and 1 min for vasodilation. A greater half-time for vasodilation (96 ± 6 for men and 86 ± 12 s for women) than for shear rate (31 ± 5 s for men and 34 ± 4 s for women) was observed after discontinuation of occlusion. Relative BAD was correlated with WSR changes, showing a significantly higher slope in women than in men (p < 0.01). Moreover, a larger normalized arterial diameter per shear rate was observed for vasoconstriction (p < 0.01) and vasodilation (p < 0.01) in women than in men. CONCLUSIONS Shear-mediated arterial vasodilation and vasoconstriction were more pronounced in women than in men, suggesting different gender-related sensitivity in the regulation of large-artery vascular tone.