Circulatory Arrest and Low-Flow Cardiopulmonary Bypass Alter CREB Phosphorylation in Piglet Brain

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest followed by postbypass recovery on the phosphorylation state of transcription factor, cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate response element–binding protein (CREB), in the striatum of neonatal brain. Methods Neonatal piglets (1.4 to 2.5 kg) anesthetized with isoflurane and fentanyl were put on CPB. The animals were cooled to 18°C during a 20-minute period. The CPB circuit flow was then either reduced to 20 mL • kg−1 • min−1 for 90 minutes (low-flow CPB) or turned off for 90 minutes (deep hypothermic circulatory arrest), following with a gradual increase in the flow and rewarming during a 30-minute period and a 2-hour recovery. At the end of the recovery period, the animals were rapidly euthanized, and the striata were removed and frozen for immunochemical analysis by Western blot technique using antibodies against phosphorylated and total CREB. The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (p< 0.05 was significant). Results Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest did not result in alteration in either the level of CREB or its degree of phosphorylation in the piglet striatum whereas after low-flow CPB, CREB phosphorylation was significantly increased (p< 0.005) and there was also an increase in CREB expression (p< 0.01). Conclusions This study indicates that at 2 hours of recovery, low-flow CPB but not deep hypothermic circulatory arrest causes an increase in CREB phosphorylation and expression. Future studies will determine the degree to which the increase in CREB phosphorylation correlates with cell survival and neuronal injury after CPB.