Author/Authors :
Michael J. Reardon، نويسنده , , Lori D. Conklin، نويسنده , , Ron Philo، نويسنده , , George V. Letsou، نويسنده , , Hazim J. Safi MD، نويسنده , , Raphael Espada، نويسنده ,
Abstract :
Cadaveric dissections were carried out to examine the relationship of the cardiac valve structures to the surface anatomy of the chest as it relates to our approaches to minimally invasive valvular operations. The techniques of upper hemisternotomy and lower hemisternotomy as used at our institution are described.
