Load model effects on distance relay settings

The purpose of this paper is to study load model effects on distance protective relay settings in Taipowerʹs transmission system. Five load models have been used in order to explore the effects of load characteristics on relay settings: (1) static ZIP model, (2) dynamic motor model, (3) composite model, (4) PTI IEEE model, and (5) exponential model. The major points of this study include (1) setting of impedance values for the three distance protective relay zones and the protection against loss of synchronicity in the outermost periphery, (2) exploring the effects of load models on impedance angle at the time of distance relay tripping, (3) study whether the load model will cause a malfunction in the distance relay when the system swings due to a sudden change in the power system, (4) analyze the coordination of the blocking time of the out-of-step blocking relay during system power swings, and (5) propose how to select a better load model for accuracy in relay settings.