Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome is a highly lethal event

Background: Recent reports have described resuscitation-induced, “secondary” abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) in trauma patients without intra-abdominal injuries. We have diagnosed secondary ACS in a variety of nontrauma as well as trauma patients. The purpose of this review is to characterize patients who develop secondary ACS. Methods: Our prospective ACS database was reviewed for cases of secondary ACS. Physiologic parameters and outcomes were recorded. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Results: Fourteen patients (13 male, aged 45 ± 5 years) developed ACS 11.6 ± 2.2 hours following resuscitation from shock. Eleven (79%) had required vasopressors; the worst base deficit was 14.1 ± 1.9. Resuscitation included 16.7 ± 3.0 L crystalloid and 13.3 ± 2.9 red blood cell units. Decompressive laparotomy improved intra-abdominal, systolic, and peak airway pressures, as well as urine output; however, mortality was 38% among trauma and 100% among nontrauma patients. Conclusions: Secondary ACS may be encountered by general surgeons in a variety of clinical scenarios; resuscitation from severe shock appears to be the critical factor. Early identification and abdominal decompression are essential. Unfortunately, in our experience, this is a highly lethal even