The differential distribution of hyaluronic acid in the layers of human atheromatic aortas is associated with vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration Original Research Article

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), under conditions of induced proliferation, similar to those involved in atherosclerosis, secrete an acidic glycan, 82% of which exhibits structural homology with hyaluronic acid (HA), has a molecular mass of 340 kDa (HA-340) and inhibits VSMC proliferation in vitro. In this study, the expression of glycans was investigated in human atheromatic aortas and evidence is presented that a HA molecule, similar to HA-340, is distinctly expressed in all aortic layers. The isolation of the glycans from human aortas was performed after homogenization of the individual aortic layers (atheromatic plaque, tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia), by lipid extraction and extensive digestion with pronase and DNase. The total glycans were purified from the digestion products by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and fractionated on a Superose 6 column. Enzymatic treatment of the ensuing glycan fractions with all known glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes, followed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gradient gels and cellulose acetate membranes, revealed that, in addition to HA, the tunica intima and the atheromatic plaque also contained dermatan sulfate, while the tunica media and the tunica adventitia also contained chondroitin sulfates and heparan sulfate. The highest concentration of the human aorta HA was found in the tunica media, exhibiting a negative concentration gradient from the tunica media to the atheromatic plaque. Investigation of the biological function of the human aorta HA revealed that this molecule acts as a negative regulator on the PDGF-induced VSMC proliferation and as a positive regulator on the PDGF-induced VSMC migration. The differential expression of HA within the aortic layers correlates with the biological function attributed to this acidic glycan and associates it with key events in the progression of atherogenesis.