Early ultrasonographic detection of fetal growth retardation in an ovine model of placental insufficiency,

OBJECTIVE: Our aims were as follows: (1) to determine whether fetal growth retardation can be detected noninvasively with ultrasonography in ewes and (2) to establish the time interval between exposure of ewes to environmental stress that causes growth retardation (heat stress) and detection of growth lag for specific fetal body measurements. STUDY DESIGN: Four ewes were exposed to heat stress for 80 days starting at 35 daysʹ gestation. (The duration of pregnancy in sheep is 147 days.) Serial ultrasonographic measurements of fetal biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, and femur and tibia lengths were obtained beginning at 50 daysʹ gestation. Growth curves were calculated for each parameter and compared with growth curves obtained from 43 normal fetuses. RESULTS: Biparietal diameter measurements deviated significantly from normal starting at 90 daysʹ gestation (p< 0.05). Abdominal circumference diverged at 70 daysʹ gestation (p< 0.05), and both femur and tibia length diverged at 80 days (p< 0.05). The regression lines showed significant differences for all the parameters in both slope (p< 0.01) and intercept (p< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Fetal growth retardation can be detected noninvasively by ultrasonography after approximately 5 weeks of exposure to heat stress. Fetal growth continues throughout gestation but at a slower rate than normal and according to a pattern similar to that observed in asymmetrically growth-retarded human fetuses. Early detection of stunted fetal growth in an animal model is important for testing intervention strategies in the treatment of fetal growth retardation.