Roles of angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptors in pregnancy-associated blood pressure change

Abstract Background Activation of the renin-angiotensin system with increased levels of renin and angiotensin (Ang) II in pregnancy has been reported, but the vascular responsiveness to Ang II seems to be decreased, thereby keeping maternal blood pressure (BP) constant. We postulated that the balance of angiotensin type 1 (AT1) and angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptor expression, which would exert antagonistic actions on vasoconstriction and cell growth, might control BP in pregnancy. Methods Using wild type (C57BL/6J), AT1a receptor null and AT2 receptor null mice, we examined the changes in BP, expression and localization of AT1 and AT2 receptors in placenta, umbilical cord, and uterus by immunohistochemical staining and urinary albumin measurement during pregnancy. Results Wild type mice did not show any significant change in BP throughout pregnancy. The BP in AT1a receptor null mice declined significantly in the second trimester of pregnancy, whereas BP in AT2 receptor null mice increased significantly in the third trimester. We did not observe any significant differences in albuminuria, litter size, or body weight of neonates among the three groups. Vascular smooth muscle cells in blood vessels of the umbilical cord and placenta specifically expressed AT2 receptors, which are minimally expressed in adult vessels. In contrast, AT1 receptors were dominantly expressed in the cytotrophoblast and chorionic plate as well as blood vessels in placenta and umbilical cord. Conclusions Our results suggested that disturbance of the balance of the AT1 and AT2 receptors could trigger pregnancy induced hypertension.