الرمزيّه في ادب نجيب محفوظ

It is not possible to study Najib Mahfoozʹs narrative works from single point of view, because due to his familiarity with intellectual and philosophical trends and movements, there are various directions and tendencies in his novels, and different literary schools such as realism, symbolism, and existentialism can be observed in his works. This article deals with those novels of his which has symbolistic attributes. These novels include Olade Haratena, Al-los Wa-Al-Kalab, Al-Saman Wa-Al Kharif, Al-Tariqh Wa Al-Shahhaz, Sarsarto Fawqh Al-Nile and MirAmar. It is worthy to mention that Najib Mahfooz, before reaching the stage of symbolism, had passed the stage of realism which includes novels such as Al-qhahera Al-Jadida, Khan Al-Khalily, Bedaya Wa Nahaya, Zoqhaqh Al-Modaqh, and triple novels, Bayn Al-Qhasrayn, Qhasr Al-Shawqh and Al-Sokkariya. There are some streaks of symbolism in these realistic novels, too. However, this stage is not the beginning of artistic symbolism in Mahfoozʹs works, and can be described as different layers in his works which has benefited different groups of Egyptian society