Determinants of unpaid overtime: Exploring this phenomenon from the perspective of the embeddedness theory

This paper attempts to be the pioneer literature review for unpaid overtime and further suggest an integrative framework for better understanding. The author begins the research with a simple question: is unpaid overtime an organizational driven behavior or a self-serving behavior? After reviewing the contradictory research results from Europe and Japan, the author applies the embeddedness theory to make up for the theoretical gaps and create twelve determinants to illustrate the complicated nature of unpaid overtime.