Highly-efficient metal-free organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells

A solar-to-electric conversion efficiency of 6.1% is achieved with this new dye, compared to 6.3% for N3 dye under the same experimental conditions. Although these indoline dyes are slightly less efficient than N3 dye, the cost of indoline dye is much less than for N3 due to ease of preparation. Furthermore, indoline dyes are shown to be highly stable to photoredox processes by cyclic voltammogram.